New Foci of Development theories

Some notions brought by theorists are the new foci of development, thought that it can be stuck by the debates of old style of development. The new one seems brought narrower and more practical, and in many aspects, it can not be addressed to the old debate of development.

first, environmental sustainability. Environmental obviously is the victim of development for the most of the time. Notion to the enviromental comes after realizing that development has been too far away devastated and destroyed in the name of development.Moreover, in the long term, destroying the enviromental is also step back of development project it self. To pay the enviromental devastating realizing more expensive than the money paid for the development. uncontrolled carbon emision by industrial development causing global climate change and higher temperature of the earth. United Nation has paid attention to the issue and organizing UN meeting under UNFCCC ( UN Forum on Climate Change Conference). the latest meeting after the Kyoto meeting (1997)has been done at Bali,december 2007 aiming Bali Road Map, such as an agreement of nations to reduce the carbon emision.

second, Human Development. The idea built by Amartya Sen, a nobel prize winner in economic,1998, which sees Development as enlarging choices and capacity of human. the more human gets choice, the more he/she developed. The theory practizing by Mahbub Ul Haq, an economist from Pakistan working in UNDP, by leading researches called Human Development Index, since 1990. The Human development concept also comprehenced by Martha Nussbaum, particularly in involving gender analysis to the concept. Some of indicators of the human development are longevity, healty, education, and gender index, and of course, involved economic growth inside/percapita. Sen claimed that human development is not apart of the old debates about development paradigm, such as sosialism, liberalism, and third way by Anthony Giddens.

Third, Democracy and participation. Democracy in the third world, related by World bank to the concept of Good governance requiring: good management of government, transparency and information, accountbility, and legal frame work of development/law enforcement.

saurlin
for 2101 course, dec 2007

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