Sunday, March 31, 2013

Renungan Hari bumi 22 April 2013: Lonceng Gereja dan Pejuang Bumi dari Tapanuli


Giring-Giring

“Sudah puluhan tahun kami berseru-seru, ini adalah hutan sumber penghidupan kami turun temurun. Tetapi kami berbicara kepada orang yang tidak mau mendengar, dan kami menunjuk kepada orang yang tidak mau melihat. Menebang pohon ini sama dengan membantai nyawa kami. Maka sekarang kami dentumkan lonceng gereja, hanya lonceng gereja yang mampu mengusir kalian pergi”kata orasi seorang tokoh adat desa  Pandumaan, disaat kunjungan saya pada awal Maret 2013 yang lalu ke desa tersebut. Pandumaan adalah salah satu desa di pedalaman Sumatra, Indonesia.

Fhoto by Patricia Shirane
Lonceng gereja, atau biasa disebut ‘giring-giring’ di Tapanuli, dikenal umum sebagai pertanda acara-acara khusus keagamaan. Namun dalam sejarah panjang pertikaian Indorayon, sekarang PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, dengan masyarakat dataran tinggi Tapanuli, Lonceng gereja punya makna yang lebih luas. Lonceng gereja menjadi alat memanggil semua warga korban Toba Pulp Lestari, tidak peduli apa keimanan dan agama serta marganya, untuk berkumpul.

Jika lonceng gereja berbunyi pada waktu yang tidak lajim, maka itu membangkitkan adrenalin, membuat bulu kuduk berdiri, dan tanpa aba-aba dimana semua orang berhamburan lari menuju satu tempat dimana lonceng itu berbunyi. Lonceng itu berarti ada panggilan darurat yang perlu segera diatasi. Ada panggilan khusus untuk meninggalkan segala perkara pribadi, pekerjaan pribadi, menuju kepentingan bersama yang jauh lebih penting.  

Tidak hanya di Pandumaan dan Sipituhuta, dentang lonceng gereja telah menjadi tradisi belasan tahun yang dipakai oleh Suara Rakyat Bersama, SRB, yang diketuai Musa Gurning yang muslim, di Simpang Siraituruk, Toba Samosir,  salah satu basis perlawanan terhadap Toba Pulp Lestari. Lonceng gereja menjadi simbol perlawanan terhadap kejaliman dan ketidak-adilan.

Kriminal atau Pahlawan bumi ?

Ketika mendengar puluhan orang pemilik hutan kemenyan ditangkap oleh Brimob Polres Humbang Hasundutan, termasuk salah seorang yang dituakan, Haposan Sinambela, pada 25 Februari 2013, memori saya kembali pada kunjungan saya ke hutan kemenyan pada awal tahun 2009 yang lalu di Pandumaan, dipandu oleh bapak Sinambela.
Seorang petani yang ditahan mencium cucunya yang menjenguk

Sesampai ditengah hutan yang rimbun, dikejauhan terlihat kontras semacam warna putih padang gurun. Saya tidak bisa menahan kesedihan melihat hutan dibabat habis menjadi semacam gurun putih pada waktu itu. Saya bertekad bahwa dengan segala upaya, sisa hutan yang ada ini harus dipertahankan dan diperjuangkan. Menginap di dalam hutan adalah pengalaman dan ikatan tersendiri dengan hutan kemenyan ini, yang dibumbui cerita mistis bahwa kalau kita melakukan hal-hal yang ditabukan, maka kita tidak akan bisa keluar dari hutan.

Cerita tentang hutan magis ini berlanjut sembari menginap semalaman ditengah hutan, dipondok kecil berukuran tiga kali tiga meter, yang telah berumur puluhan tahun milik petani kemenyan. Pohon kemenyan yang dianggap penjelmaan anak gadis cantik yang menangis, dimana air matanya menjadi sumber penghidupan bagi petani ini, ternyata hanya tumbuh bersamaan dengan pohon pohon jenis lainnya. Sekitar 300-an kepala keluarga menggantungkan hidupnya hanya kepada tetesan getah, air mata, si pohon gadis ini. Jika pohon ini ditebang, warga desa tidak punya pendapatan lain untuk bertahan hidup. 

Tidak bisa diterima akal jika hutan kemenyan ini ikut ditebangi oleh perusahaan kertas Toba Pulp Lestari. Perusahaan ini memiliki konsesi seluas 269.000 hektar- empat kali luas Singapura- di dataran tinggi Tapanuli, dan warga desa hanya melindungi penghidupan mereka yang tidak lebih dari 5.000 hektar. TPL yang mendapatkan keuntungan bersih pertahun sekitar 620 milyar rupiah itu tidak akan kehilangan keuntungannya dengan membiarkan sepetak hutan adat itu tetap berdiri.

Ini soal akal sehat saja. Humas PT TPL selalu beralasan, menjalankan peraturan pemerintah, karena itu masuk dalam konsesi mereka. Jika perusahaan ini memakai akal sehat, tidak akan berpengaruh apa-apa jika mereka membiarkan hutan kemenyan itu tetap tegak dan mempersilahkan sekitar 1.000 jiwa tetap bisa melanjutkan hidupnya berdampingan dengan alam.

Sejak mendapatkan ijin beroperasi dari pemerintah Indonesia 30 tahun yang lalu (1983), perusahaan pabrik bubur kertas, Toba Pulp Lestari, yang pabriknya berada di kawasan Sosor Ladang Porsea ini tidak pernah berhenti menjadi sumber konflik dengan masyarakat Tapanuli. Sejak ratusan tahun sejarah Tapanuli, Toba Pulp Lestari mencatatkan diri sebagai satu satunya korporasi yang memiliki konsesi ratusan ribu hektar, ditengah tengah masyarakat yang sangat kuat dengan tradisi adat istiadat, dan tradisi lisan kollektif terhadap hak kepemilikan. Hal ini berbenturan dengan Toba Pulp Lestari yang hanya bermodalkan secarik kertas mengklaim seluruh hutan menjadi miliknya. Sejak ratusan tahun Tapanuli mengenal era yang disebut penyair legendaris Sitor Situmorang sebagai era kedamaian dan kemakmuran, atau jika tidak salah disebut dengan istilah ‘splendour era’. Era ini hilang seiring dengan kehadiran korporasi di Tapanuli.

Baru-baru ini, APRIL, induk perusahaan PT TPL membuat komitmen tidak akan menebang hutan alam untuk kebutuhan kertas mereka. Komitmen yang dibuat pada bulan januari 2013 itu dilanggar hanya dalam hitungan hari, dengan menebangi hutan alam di Humbang Hasundutan. Jadi pertanyaannya, siapakah yang kriminal dan merusak ?
Courtesy of GP

Bagi aparat kepolisian, petani kemenyan yang memperjuangkan hutan adalah kriminal, dengan menangkapi mereka dan menjadikan 16 orang petani hingga saat ini sebagai tahanan. Tetapi bagi warga desa, mereka adalah pejuang pejuang bagi keluarga mereka yang butuh melanjutkan hidup. Bagi warga dunia yang mencintai lingkungan hidup, mereka adalah pahlawan-pahlawan yang patut dibela dan dilindungi.   Tanggal 22 April, umat bumi merayakan hari bumi dan menyematkan penghargaan kepada para pejuang bumi. Tidak berlebihan jika para ‘kriminal’ versi polisi ini harus dihargai sebagai para pejuang bumi. Mereka harus dibebaskan tanpa embel embel ‘tahanan luar’, dan dikenal sebagai para pejuang hutan yang akan dikenang.

Saurlin





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Sunday, March 24, 2013

A False Hope? Indonesia’s Economic Miracle

By Michael Buehler

Indonesia has made a remarkable economic comeback. Yet, its amazing growth is neither sustainable nor inclusive.


A few years ago, I was sitting in a swanky bar in South Jakarta popular with expats and Indonesian bureaucrats, sipping red wine for $25 a glass. During a discussion about the state of affairs in the country, my reference to Indonesia as a “Third World” country triggered an angry reaction by an Indonesian diplomat working for the Ministry of Trade. “Indonesia is no longer a poor country,” she rebutted, quoting various studies that placed Indonesia firmly in the group of emerging economies and went on to argue that the “I” in BRIC should belong to Indonesia rather than India. The acronym MIST to describe the next tier of large emerging economies had not yet been coined at the time.

Indeed, Indonesia has made a remarkable comeback from being Southeast Asia’s economic basket case in 1998 to an emerging market whose economy has been growing annually at more than 5 percent for several years. In reaction, analysts and journalists alike have been outdoing one another with positive assessments of Indonesia’s economic growth trajectory. The writing frenzy recently culminated in an article published in The Guardian, a UK daily, which claimed that Indonesia’s economy may surpass England and Germany in a few years. “It’s like people don’t want to hear anything else,” a foreign journalist based in Jakarta whom I had sent the article told me afterwards, lamenting how she finds it increasingly difficult to pitch stories to newspaper editors that cast doubt on Indonesia’s economic miracle.

Yet, Indonesia’s economic growth is neither sustainable nor inclusive.

An inconvenient fact is that Indonesia’s economic growth is mainly driven by a commodity boom fuelled by China’s appetite for raw materials and global demand for biofuels. China’s enterprises are building bullet trains while Indian car- and IT-companies compete around the world. Indonesia, all the while, manufactures…essentially nothing. Most international manufacturing companies have moved on to greener pastures a long time ago while domestic companies are unable to compete internationally with the exception of a few conglomerates run by crony capitalists from the New Order period.

The other main driver of Indonesia’s economic growth is domestic consumption. This is mostly driven by easy access to credit cards. Since the mid-2000s banks have been successful in convincing Indonesians, much like their American counterparts, to buy stuff they don’t need, with money they don’t have to impress people they don’t know. The amount of credit cards in circulation, which have increased 7 to 8 percent annually, reached such staggering heights in recent years that Bank Indonesia had to introduce new guidelines last year to limit the number of credit cards a single person is allowed to hold. The same guidelines also stipulated that Indonesians earning less than U.S.$330 a month should no longer receive credit cards.

Can Indonesia’s economic growth be sustained? Maybe for a few more decades, but even Indonesia’s rich natural resources are finite. Already, the nation’s oil reserves are dwindling faster than in any other Asian country— and Indonesia became a net oil importer during the last decade— while it is exporting most of its approximately 5 billion tons of coal reserves to China and India. Worse, the money generated from selling these national assets is not used to help rebalance Indonesia’s economy towards high-end manufacturing.

Providing access to cheap credit is an unsustainable growth strategy. Already, Indonesians exhausted from trying to keep up with the Mallarangeng family seem to turn to forms of sarcasm similar to that of debt-ridden Americans. Grinding through Jakarta’s infamous traffic jam a few months ago, I spotted several bumper stickers on the back of upmarket vehicles, saying in the local vernacular “Don’t crash into my car, I am still paying it off.” Plenty of Indonesians can no longer repay their debts and therefore no longer consume. The bludgeoning to death of an Indonesian citizen in 2011 by debt collectors on the payroll of Citibank may be a scary sign of things to come.

It’s politics, stupid!

In their 2012 book, Why Nations Fail, Daron Acemoglu and James Robison, professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University respectively, show the central importance of political institutions for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth. While economic institutions are important determinants of a country’s wealth, political institutions are paramount since they define what economic institutions a country has. In this respect, Indonesia’s achievements look bleak.

Since the collapse of the New Order dictatorship in 1998, the government has missed almost every opportunity to turn its economic boom into a positive force for all Indonesians. Serious and comprehensive reforms of Indonesia’s political institutions have been anathema to the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono government and most of the president’s political appointees almost from day one in their decade long reign.

Masked behind pro-poor rhetoric and lukewarm support for symbolic reform agencies such as the Corruption Eradication Commission, Indonesia’s elites have used their political power to protect their personal interests and keep the judiciary in shambles. The bureaucracy remains completely unreformed fifteen years after the demise of Suharto and corruption continues to be rampant. A serious discussion about Indonesia’s systemic corruption problem has never occurred during Yudhoyono’s two tenures. Instead, the emphasis has been on arresting “bad” politicians.

Indonesia’s elites have also done everything in their power, the power they do have, to channel the country’s riches into their own pockets. The lack of will to develop a truly prosperous Indonesia is most visible in the government’s failure to integrate Indonesia’s internal market. This has had deleterious effects for the domestic economy. Indonesia, for instance, imports almost half of the salt consumed in the country from places such as Australia, Germany, Singapore and New Zealand because decrepit infrastructure and predatory taxes make it cheaper to import the commodity from the German mines of Berchtesgaden 7,000 miles away than from Indonesia’s seashores.

Similarly, the government’s failure to curb corruption, rent-seeking and red tape has turned Indonesia essentially into a high-cost economy shun by manufacturers. While Americans’ sneakers would most likely have been produced in Indonesia fifteen years ago, this is now done in places such as Vietnam or China. Ironically, Indonesia’s steady growth is also a result of the country’s detachment from volatile world markets.

Stuff made in Indonesia, anyone?

Due to a lack of robust political institutions undergirding Indonesia’s economy, inequality has increased in Indonesia in recent years. At the time of writing, around 120 million Indonesia lived on less than two U.S. dollars a day.

It remains to be seen how long Indonesia’s elites can ignore the other side of Indonesia’s boom. They would certainly have enough clues in their own lives.The Indonesian trade diplomat who so vigorously advocated Indonesia’s place in the BRIC group in our discussion a few years ago has since been posted to the United States. Rather than advocating space- and IT-technologies in the tech clusters of Boston and San Francisco like her fellow trade diplomats from China and India, she is now promoting Indonesian rattan furniture at trade shows in North Carolina.

Michael Buehler is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Illinois University, and an Associate Fellow with the Asia Society.


http://thediplomat.com/2013/02/05/a-false-hope-indonesias-economic-miracle/





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Monday, March 18, 2013

The 10 Countries Where Climate Change and Pollution Is Killing the Population

by Timon Singh 

10. Afghanistan (Population: 34.4 million, Deaths: 90,000)

According to DARA’s Climate Vulnerability Monitor, climate change and pollution are key factors driving premature mortality in Afghanistan, leading to 90,000 deaths in 2010. The main cause of death is diarrheal infections from climate change, caused by increasing rates of food spoiling and water contamination.

9. Russia (Population: 141.8 million, Deaths: 100,000)

Despite being a relatively modern country, approximately 98,000 people died in 2010 due to the effects of carbon pollution. While Russia’s emissions in 2010 were 34% below 1990 levels, Soviet-backed industrial emissions from the 1980s and 1990s still contribute to high incidences of “cancer, cardiopulmonary and respiratory illnesses.”

8. Ethiopia (Population: 83 million, Deaths: 100,000)

Like Afghanistan, the population of Ethiopia will be affected by diarrheal infections caused by spoiling food. In 2010, the agriculture cost of climate change was already $450 million annually, but this is expected to rise to $3 billion a year within the next 20 years. Unfortunately, Ethiopia has one of the lowest GDP per capita in the world.

7. Bangladesh (Population: 148.7 million, Deaths: 100,000)

Like India and China, pollution has been responsible for a large number of deaths. It is predicted that hunger, caused by increasing food insecurity as the world’s climates worsen, is expected to cause 15,000 deaths, and adversely affect another 15 million Bangladeshis by 2030.

6. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Population: 66 million, Deaths: 100,000)

The DARA report states that about 17,000 lives were lost in the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to climate change, while another 84,000 were lost due to carbon emissions. The report states that one of the main killers is meningitis, caused by rising humidity and irregular weather patterns.

5. Indonesia (Population: 239.9 million, Deaths: 150,000)

In Indonesia, carbon emission are responsible for large numbers of deaths, but this is expected to rise to 200,000 by 2030. Another issue is maintaining the country’s biodiversity and reversing the destruction of Indonesia’s natural ecosystem through activities such as logging and natural changes due to irregular weather.

4. Pakistan (Population: 173.6 million, Deaths: 150,000)

Air pollution, floods, landslides – Pakistan was hit hard in 2010, but DARA estimates that 250,000 people will die in Pakistan in 2030. Climate change is also projected to lead to famine in the country. Hunger killed an estimated 10,000 people in 2010, but DARA estimates 25,000 people will die annually due to starvation.

3. Nigeria (Population: 158.4 million, Deaths: 200,000)

It is carbon emissions that are the big killer in Nigeria with approximately 150,000 people dying each year due to indoor smoke ingestion, tuberculosis and lung cancer. DARA believes the reason for the indoor smoke is partially because of uneven electricity distribution, which forces many Nigerians to heat their homes and cook by burning fuels.

2. India (Population: 1.2 billion, Deaths: 1 million)

With such a large population and high levels of emissions, DARA projects that the number of deaths due to these factors will reach 1.5 million annually. Already, these factors are estimated to cost 1 million lives and adversely impact one-quarter of a billion people per year.

1. China (Population: 1.3 billion, Deaths 1.5 million)

It is astounding to think that 1.5 million people die each year in China due to climate change and carbon emissions,but it is even more incredible when you realise 1.4 million are the sole result of carbon pollution. A report by the Chinese government released in Jan. 2012, warned that global warming could cut grain output in the country by some 5%-20% by midcentury and will lead to “severe imbalances in China’s water resources” over the coming years.
http://inhabitat.com/the-10-countries-where-climate-change-and-pollution-is-killing-the-population/
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